Neurodermatitis, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry, itchy skin and recurring eczema. Despite intensive research, the exact cause of neurodermatitis is not fully understood. It is a complex interplay of genetic, immunological and environmental factors. In this article, we take a detailed look at the possible reasons, triggers and risk factors that play a role in the development and progression of the disease.
Genetic causes
A hereditary predisposition is one of the most important factors in the development of atopic dermatitis. Studies show that the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis increases if close relatives also suffer from atopic diseases such as hay fever, asthma or atopic dermatitis. Particular attention is paid to mutations in the filaggrin gene . This gene plays a key role in the formation of the skin barrier. If the skin barrier is weakened, irritants, allergens and pathogens can penetrate more easily, which promotes inflammatory reactions.
Immunological factors
The immune system of people with neurodermatitis is often oversensitive. An imbalance between different immune cells (particularly TH1 and TH2 cells) means that harmless substances such as pollen or house dust mites are perceived as a threat. This triggers chronic inflammation, which manifests itself in the form of skin irritation and eczema. Increased production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is also frequently observed, which increases the susceptibility to allergies.
Environmental factors as triggers
Modern lifestyles seem to influence the prevalence of atopic dermatitis. Children who grow up in urban areas have a higher risk of suffering from the disease than children who grow up in rural areas. Possible reasons for this are:
- Environmental pollution : Pollutants in the air can irritate the skin and increase inflammation.
- Hygiene hypothesis : Less contact with microbes in childhood could make the immune system more susceptible to overreaction.
- Climatic conditions : Cold, dry climates can dry out the skin and aggravate the condition, while heat causes sweating, which can increase itching.
allergens and irritants
Many people with neurodermatitis are sensitive to certain allergens and irritants. Common triggers are:
- Food allergies : Milk, eggs, nuts and wheat can trigger flare-ups in some sufferers.
- Contact allergens : Nickel, perfumes or certain cleaning products can cause skin reactions.
- House dust mites and animal hair : These allergens are particularly common indoors.
Psychosocial factors
Stress can be both a trigger and an intensifier of neurodermatitis attacks. The psychological stress leads to the release of stress hormones such as cortisol, which can promote inflammatory processes in the skin. At the same time, the visible symptoms of the disease can lead to social stress and reduced self-esteem, which triggers a vicious circle.
Possible risk factors
Some factors increase the risk of developing atopic dermatitis or worsening the symptoms:
- Family history : As already mentioned, genetic factors play a crucial role.
- Age : Atopic dermatitis often occurs in early childhood, with many children becoming symptom-free by puberty.
- Gender : Girls are slightly more often affected than boys.
- Lifestyle : An unbalanced diet, lack of exercise and high stress levels can increase the risk.
Conclusion
Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease that arises from the interaction of genetic, immunological and environmental factors. Although there is no cure, a better understanding of the causes and avoiding triggers can help to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Individual therapy, adapted to personal risk factors and triggers, is crucial for successfully managing the disease.
